This contribution investigates the direct and indirect causal interactions between financial deepening, trade openness … openness. Thus, policies that prioritize financial and trade liberalization cannot be supported by this study. Instead, a …

This paper examines the short-term and long-run dynamics between per capita GDP growth and openness for 158 countries … between openness and growth by including only growth rates and lagged values of the independent variable. Additionally, we … the lagged endogenous variable and the error term. The results suggest a long-run relationship between openness and …

This contribution tests for causality between financial deepening, trade openness and economic development for 16 Sub … not substantial. In general, it is found that financial deepening and trade openness have swayed regional development only …