components include certified seed, certification and auditing, testing, traceability, quality loss, and a risk premium for the … added risk of a dual traceability system over a single non-traceability system. The optimal strategy is the one that … stochastically. Results indicate that traceability requirements can be met with specified buyer and seller risk at a total cost of …

Value-at-risk (VaR) is increasingly being applied to problems in agriculture, especially valuation of crop insurance … and agricultural lending risk exposure. VaR conveys the probability that losses exceeding a threshold will likely occur … risk exposure for budget analysis, this latter amount is of keen interest. Expected tail loss (ETL) methods are developed …