on long term relationship, this investigation is carried out within the Granger causality and vector error correction … development and economic growth in Malaysia. The causality between economic growth and stock market was found to mutually causal …, that is the causality is bi-directional. This finding suggests that a strong stock market is a good channel to foster …

. The main findings show evidence of unidirectional causality, running from employment in manufacturing and services to FDI …

recognised as one of the most open economies in the world, this study attempts to explore the causality relationships between … tourism, openness to merchandise and services trade. Firstly, the study shows bi-direction causality between international … visitor arrivals to Singapore and openness to merchandise trade. Secondly, there is a unidirectional causality from openness …

-variate and tri-variate VAR frameworks. The empirical findings for Singapore show evidence of bidirectional causality between … trade regime in services. For Malaysia, the evidence of causality is weaker and unidirectional, from inward FDI to services …

satisfaction and different facets of job satisfaction. We find evidence of bidirectional causality between job satisfaction and …

This paper studies nonlinear cointegration models in which the structural coefficients may evolve smoothly over time …-consistency apply in nonparametric kernel estimation of time-varying coefficient cointegration models. The higher rate of convergence …