replicating the observed levels of volatility of unemployment and other key variables. I take variations in productivity growth … market are essential for understanding the volatility of unemployment. These models include simple equilibrium wage … of the three models match the observed volatility of unemployment …

has also possessed excess volatility' in the past century. It finds no evidence of excess volatility in the pre-World War … I German stock market. By contrast, there is some evidence of excess volatility in the post-World War II German stock … volatility of German stock indices before 1914 …

price and wage rigidities to study four countries (the U.S., the U.K., Sweden, and Germany) during the financial crisis and … factors were also important in the U.K., but less so in Sweden and Germany. Reduced matching efficiency was considerably less … important in the U.K. and Sweden than in the U.S., but matching efficiency improved in Germany, helping to keep unemployment low …