-border trade and FDI in the services sectors. We first develop a consistent analytical framework for the application of the gravity … model to both services trade and commercial presence (i.e. FDI), using a composite model of delivery that offers testable … hypotheses about the roles of different modes of services supply as complements or substitutes. We further link our estimates to …

A major international transmission channel of productivity increases is trade in intermediate products and services … international manufacturing spillovers found in recent literature. As regards services, which provide a substantial component of the …