Over the course of history, different legal instruments for protecting intellectual property have emerged. These instruments differ in their subject matter, extent of protection, and field of application, reflecting society's objective to balance the interests of creators and consumers for...

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, real revenues at the local level in Ukraine have more than halved. This report examines how fiscal resources are distributed and how managers attempt to preserve basic services in the face of such severe fiscal conatrints. We find that -- despite the...

In developing and transition economies 60 to 80 % of all passenger and freight transport moves by road, and roads provide the main from of access to most rural communities. Yet most of the 11 million kilometers of roads in these countries are poorly managed and badly maintained.