We develop a dynamic competitive equilibrium model of battery adoption and operations to evaluate the social value and … adoption trajectory of utility-scale batteries and examine policy counterfactuals. The first battery unit breaks even in 2027 … declines in aggregate capacity. California's 1,300 MW battery mandate implies subsidies of 49% and creates deadweight losses of …

battery recycling to Mexico and on infant health in Mexico. In the U.S., airborne lead dropped sharply near affected plants …, most of which were battery-recycling plants. Exports of used batteries to Mexico rose markedly. In Mexico, production … increased at battery-recycling plants, relative to comparable industries, and birth outcomes deteriorated within two miles of …