children with higher endowments due to the complementarity between endowments and investments (static complementarity). For the … endowment based on health at birth. When we do, we find that parents invest more in highly endowed children. Moreover, we find … in endowments (from more children) and greater reinforcing investments. These findings can be explained by extending the …

This paper formulates and estimates multistage production functions for children's cognitive and noncognitive skills … investment in children compared to later remediation. We establish nonparametric identification of a general class of production … targeting of interventions to children with different parental and personal birth endowments. Substitutability decreases in …