In this paper, we work on indifference valuation of variable annuities and give a computation method for indifference fees. We focus on the guaranteed minimum death benefits and the guaranteed minimum living benefits and allow the policyholder to make withdrawals. We assume that the fees are...

We study the valuation of variable annuities for an insurer. We concentrate on two types of these contracts that are the guaranteed minimum death benefits and the guaranteed minimum living benefits ones and that allow the insured to withdraw money from the associated account. As for many...

Investigations of long-run sustainability of joint ecological-economic systems highlight the pertinence of reconsidering "free disposal" assumptions that underpin Sraffian and von Neumann approaches to value and growth theory. We investigate joint-production time-paths for square systems A and B...

Severe environmental degradation appears to be threatening the long-term development prospects of countries all over the world, particularly the developing ones such as Nigeria. The paper reviews relevant literature and examines the process of environmental degradation via water pollution in...