The most widely-used measure of an asset's risk, beta, stems from an equilibrium in which investors display mean-variance behavior. This behavioral criterion assumes that portfolio risk is measured by the variance (or standard deviation) of returns, which is a questionable measure of risk. The...

The estimation of the discount rate for an investment project in conditions of risk relies upon two crucial assumptions: market completeness and well-diversified investors. Although, these two assumptions are tenable in developed capital markets, they are not suitable in emerging markets. In...