extent of fraud where they were strong. At the same time, in places which were completely out of the sphere of the state, and … and fraud is not monotonic …

One frequently overlooked aspect of the U.S.-style electoral college system is that it discourages election fraud. In a … judiciary. However, with the electoral college system in place, the incentives for fraud shift to swing states where the local … government is politically divided, and fraud is therefore more difficult and costly. Our theoretical model elucidates why the …

This paper develops a new approach to detecting electoral fraud. Our context involves repeaters, individuals voting in … the secret ballot itself reducing voter fraud. The pattern is also driven by smaller population counties, consistent with …

can choose to abstain. The first experiment follows a tightly controlled design planned for the lab; the second is a …