Within the expected-utility framework, the only explanation for risk aversion is that the utility function for wealth is concave: A person has lower marginal utility for additional wealth when she is wealthy than when she is poor. This paper provides a theorem showing that expected-utility...

A revolution in economics. Is it possible? Is its concept a transition from ideal to real economics? The way to the transition may be a new aspect of uncertainty. Problems, which can be solved, research fields, which can be augmented or created, and fields of applications in practical economy...

This paper studies the Gold Standard in Portugal. It was the first country in Europe to join Great Britain in 1854. The principle of free gold convertibility was abandoned in 1891. For the purposes of a macroeconomic study, we also extended the analysis up to 1913. Our study points out the...