. Money as a social representative of value, therefore, is introduced at the very beginning of Marx’s microeconomics. Marx …’s rejection of Ricardo’s interpretation of Say’s Law requires that money as a means of circulation and as a means of payment is … realisation of profits for the capitalist class as a whole requires money advances, which have to increase by means of rising …

friction for a receipt system (fiat money) to lead to improved allocations in an otherwise frictionless Walrasian model. The … experiments. Some issues regarding the divisibility of money are also discussed. …

money growth might be an important determinant of cyclical developments in real GDP beyond effects already captured by short … properties are also maintained when looking at a broader set of non-monetary indicator variables. Narrow money therefore seems …. As a result, once the information from narrow money is taken into account, what matters more for the forecast performance …

This paper studies the gain from using money as an indicator when monetary policy in made under data uncertainty. We … state of the economy. Money reveals some of the private sector’s information to the policymaker, especially if there is a … forward looking element in money demand. We show that observing money can considerably reduce the loss that is due to …

money has nothing to do with traded output, but everything to do with storing value. But now a new trade theory takes over … monetary theory, by reducing money into a mere tool of trade, as just a means of payment. It takes over theory of exchange … arbitrage, and payments through seigniorage (by creating and issuing money). Suddenly economics studies economy rather than …

'Reality of money' is curiously similar to uncertainty theory of (Hisenburg)quantum physics. To some (natural societies … is thus decided by producers in commodity exchanges. Others (Republicans of Greek civilization) think, money can be only … and time) of money used as unit for measurement of the prices. Under these circumstanes, exchange control is monopoly of …

distinguish its Balance Sheet from its Statement of Conditions. (2) Fiat money should not appear as a liability in a Balance Sheet …

high priority needs in the life, and smaller needs can be subsequent, for progressive happiness. Money cannot bring …

Using a macroeconometric framework, this paper analyses relationships among money, barter and inflation in Russia … findings suggest that barter has resulted partly from output losses and partly from a reduction in real money balances, but to … a lesser extent. There is some evidence that the effect of barter on prices is less than that of money. We also find …