units, Expatriates and all nations with their currency related to US $, are not happy in the current $ dipping situation …. Even the currencies of poor nations are galloping upward in $ parity, because they are linked to Euro. This is due to USA …

of US currency. World dollarization partially resolves the “currency enigma” which refers to the anomaly that roughly 80 …% of the US currency supply is “missing” and an estimated ten trillion dollars of cash payments can not be accounted for …. US currency that is used overseas suggests that there is a world wide unrecorded economy that could rival the size of the …

In this paper, we begin the modeling of bond and currency prices from the modeling of the state-price density … satisfying basic properties of a potential. We provide extensive examples and show their implications on bond and currency …

indicators (1973-1997)? (2) To what extent will the introduction of the euro affect the balance-of-payments accounts and foreign …

. In absence of a real international cooperation, the conflict of the two models might bring a global currency crisis and a …

exchange rates goggles - indicate both more stable paths of real exchange rates as well as smaller currency misalignments prior … to the euro adoption than what can be expected from the acceding countries in the forthcoming years. If acceding … countries sail too fast towards the euro, their sailing may not be as smooth as the one of frontrunners. …

between a domestic currency and aggregate foreign currency balances, we look for substitution between the dollar and the euro … or euro-related foreign currency balances. We find substitution between dollarization and euroization to be asymmetric in …This study evaluates substitution of foreign currency balances in Estonia, a transition economy neighbouring countries …

This paper calculates the equilibrium exchange rates for the Euro and the rest of the G-7 currencies. Building on the … multilateral equilibrium real rates into bilateral equilibrium nominal rates. The results uncover that the Euro was slightly …

One of the major economic changes of 2003 is the depreciation of the USD especially against the euro and also against a … early 2002 scenario when the Euro remained passive to the positive Euro zone outlook. …

before the euro currency was even released in January 1999. … EU area and around the world, have been experiencing new situations, problems and development relating to euro long …