reinforces the widespread suspicion that most income coefficients in the literature are biased upwards due to correlation between … unobservable heterogeneity and income levels. But the height of parents is highly significant in all specifications. Even though …

in each child. Once mortality is endogenized, population growth becomes a hump-shaped function of income per capita. At … low levels of income population growth rises as income per capita rises leading to a Malthusian steady-state equilibrium …, whereas at high levels of income population growth declines leading to a sustained growth steadystate equilibrium. …

results indicate that even though per child and total child expenditures are increasing with income the relative expenditure …