penetration, we find that potential positive spillovers are dominated by negative competition effects. This, however, masks the …

of selection and intensity. The primary findings are: First, greater deregulation and competition has a positive effect … competition and level and policies for stranded cost recovery do affect spending. Second, the response of R&D to financial and … effective retail competition may mitigate the problem of declining electricity R&D by the utilities. …

technology before market competition. Governments first impose an export subsidy or a tax. After observing export policy, firms … invest in cost reducing R&D and subsequently compete in the market. Governments subsidize exports under Cournot competition …. Under Bertrand competition, export subsidies are positive whenever R&D is sufficiently cost-effective at reducing marginal …

reduces activities in the R&D sector. On the other hand, the enhanced competition for the equipment improves efficiency in the …