' concern for fairness, and the tradeoff the disadvantaged player makes between pursuing a fair outcome from a disadvantaged … weak players persist in seeking "fairness" is also a function of how much it (potentially) costs them to do so. Students …-cost bargainers to demand fairness and to persist in their demands was a function of how much it cost them to do so, and the degree to …

hypothesize that egalitarian distribution norms and cooperation norms apply in our experiments, and that third parties, whose … economic payoff is unaffected by the norm violation, may be willing to enforce these norms although the enforcement is costly … characteristics and the content of social norms. Further experiments indicate that second parties, whose economic payoff is reduced by …