wholesale price changes do not translate into commensurate retail price changes. The implication is asymmetric – small wholesale … increases are more profitable because manufacturers will not lose customers from higher retail prices; yet, small wholesale … decreases are less profitable, because these will not create lower retail prices, hence no extra revenue from greater sales. For …

- consisting of (i) actual retail transaction prices, (ii) actual wholesale transaction prices which represent both the retailers …: (i) the frequency of price changes, and (ii) the response of prices to exogenous cost changes. We find that retail prices … respond quickly and fully to cost changes. Furthermore, we find that retail prices respond not just to their direct costs, but …

This paper estimates the effect of Wal-Mart expansion on retail employment at the county level. Using an instrumental …-Mart entry increases retail employment by 100 jobs in the year of entry. Half of this gain disappears over the next five years as … other retail establishments exit and contract, leaving a long-run statistically significant net gain of 50 jobs. Wholesale …

Using unique retail and wholesale price data for 4,532 products carried by a major Midwestern grocery retailer, we find … evidence of significant retail price rigidity during the Thanksgiving through Christmas holiday period relative to the rest of … the year. We suggest that this pattern of holiday retail price rigidity is best explained by an increased opportunity cost …

, forcing them to raise prices. We test this prediction using data on retail prices from large supermarket chains in the Tri …

We combine two data sets to study price rigidity. The first consists of weekly time series of retail, wholesale, and …