hand mechanism, respectively. Like the reductionist (Friedman, Lucas) and holistic (Smith, Hayek) proponents of laissez …-faire, Malthus, too, is a defender of ‘the present order of things’ and an advocate of dependence on spontaneous forces. Malthus … starts out within the eighteenth-century providentialist paradigm epitomised by Adam Smith and Dugald Stewart, but he later …

Adam Smith (1776) is generally ignored as an international trade theorist in textbooks and surveys because of the …, many textbooks and surveys on growth theories simply overlook Smith’s significant contributions to economic growth theory …-of- scale in explaining the structure of foreign trade. Furthermore, in Smith (1776), both learning by doing and economies …