play a role in the contemporaneous evolution of innovation in a broad cross section of countries today. Our results …, while 'home grown' innovation is more sensitive to internal structural and institutional factors. …

knowledge in academia; there is no set organization with a hierarchy, but free collaboration that is coordinated spontaneously …

. “Over-fencing,” which is to say, the erection of artificial cost barriers to the production of reliable public knowledge by … means of reliable public knowledge, threatens the future of “the public knowledge commons” that historically has proved …

information for the purpose of extracting private economic rents is resulting in the 'over- fencing of the public knowledge … welfare gains through technological progress, and re-distributional effects further disadvantaging the present economically …

growth. Stronger IPR protection, which reduces the probability of imitation, raises the reward for innovation. However …, concentration of R&D activity in a field raises the possibility of duplication of innovation, thereby hindering growth. In several …

When the home country introduces a patent law after the winner of the patent race is known the country's welfare may … rise only if the domestic firm wins. If the home country decides before the patent race ends, the welfare may be increased … determine the welfare gain and one may at least doubt whether those conditions are satisfied. …

collectively provided open source and open content knowledge assemblages. Whilst the impact of hijacking on open source software …

good measure of knowledge flows. Our paper assesses the legitimacy of using European patent citations as a measure of …Patent citation data are used in a growing body of economics and business research on technological diffusion. Research … in this area uses “backward” citations to measure technological knowledge acquired by the patenting entities studied …