disguise as informed.We show that such concern for future reputation imposes severe constraints on the possibility of …

of selection and intensity. The primary findings are: First, greater deregulation and competition has a positive effect … competition and level and policies for stranded cost recovery do affect spending. Second, the response of R&D to financial and … effective retail competition may mitigate the problem of declining electricity R&D by the utilities. …

We show that returns policies do increase manufacturer profitability by attenuating price competition between retailers … returns policies serve both to dampen competition and resolve demand uncertainty. …