technology. Even today less than half of the school-age children are going to school. Some common but many of them disputed … perceptions about lower school-enrolment rate, at the household level are that the younger age children, younger in their brothers … and sisters, male children, and the children from educated parents; high-income households; smaller households; wealthy …

punishment increased the more the norm was violated. Likewise, up to roughly 60% of the third parties punished violations of the …’’ third parties. In addition, these experiments suggest that thirdparty punishment games are powerful tools for studying the …

group when antisocial behavior is observed. In many circumstances, however, we can not allow for punishment and exclude the … possibility of counter-punishment occurring. We design a public goods experiment based on Fehr and Gaechter (2000) where we allow … for both punishment and counter-punishment. We find that in both Partner and Stranger treatments average contributions …

show experimentally that the altruistic punishment of defectors is a key motive for the explanation of cooperation …. Altruistic punishment means that individuals punish, although the punishment is costly for them and yields no material gain. We … show that cooperation ¯ourishes if altruistic punishment is possible, and breaks down if it is ruled out. The evidence …