Hostility towards minorities may sometimes have economic rather than racial motives. Labour market fears, or concerns about the welfare system, may manifest themselves in hostile remarks and actions against population groups that are considered to be competitors for these resources, as well as...

We analyze answers to household survey questions on whether the respondents' household income has changed in the past twelve months, and on whether the respondents expect their household income to change in the next twelve months. Both questions are answered on a discrete five points scale. The...