Pharmaceutical price control has achieved attentions of policy makers in the world. Japanese pharmaceutical market provides a good case study for price control. First, the Japanese pharmaceutical market has been tightly regulated by price control. Second, the difference between the official...

This paper develops a monopolistic competition model to study the characteristics of products, such as quality improvement and product diversity (function-specialization and individualization), and the division of labor in production. Different from the ordinary economic model, our utility...

This paper shows that, unlike what has been found in other papers, a hydro reservoir is an effective tool to exercise market power. Its appealing as a tool is enhanced by the fact that there is no need to constrain total hydro production - a practice too easy to detect -; it suffices to distort...

The analysis of economies of specialization at the individual level by Yang & Shi (1992) and Yang & Ng (1993) is combined with the Dixit & Stiglitz (1977) analysis of monopolistic-competitive firms to show that, ignoring administrative costs and indirect effects (such as rent-seeking), even if...

This article lays down economic principles that should govern electricity transmission pricing when peak-load pricing is used to set tariffs. Transmission systems perform three different functions: to transport energy, to substitute for generation capacity, and to increase competition in the...

The access pricing problem emerges when a vertically integrated firm (the incumbent) provides an essential service in the upstream market, to an entrant. Both firms produce a final service and compete in the downstream market. The standard treatment of this problem has been to add the access...

Este artículo explora a través de un mismo modelo básico las características fundamentales que determinan si es socialmente preferible concesionar versus privatizar un servicio público con características monopólicas. Los principales resultados de este trabajo son que la opción de...

The paper analyzes calling party pays access pricing policies in a General Equilibrium two ways access charge model with consumers that choose between different telecommunication providers, and benefit from making calls to other consumers and from the calls that they receive. We obtain that...

This paper examines firms' incentive to make irreversible investments under an open access policy with stochastically growing demand. Using a simple model, we derive an access-to-bypass equilibrium. Analysis of the equilibrium confirms that the introduction of competition in network industries...

Congress enacted The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 over the protests of small business advocates who claimed that the ADA would trigger a wave of bankruptcies. Although the profitability of firms may suffer from the costs of ADA compliance, no systematic evidence is available on the...