To date, government procurement has been effectively carved out of the main multilateral rules of the WTO system. This … addition to relevant elements of the WTO Agreements, particularly the Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) and the General … Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), it derives insights from a large number of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) that embody …

When looking at the conditions of trade in natural resources the world appears upside down: tariff protection in … natural resources sectors is generally lower than for overall merchandise trade, while export restrictions are twice as likely … tariff escalation may be the result of an uncooperative trade policy. Specifically, tariff escalation and export taxes can be …

averse, food exporters may use trade policy to shield the domestic economy from large price shocks. This creates a … activism. We test this theory with a new dataset that comprises monthly information on trade measures across 125 countries and ….e. the share of international trade covered by export restrictions) are positively correlated with the probability of …

security of market access result from increased membership of the GATT/WTO system, which itself underwent important changes as …In the last ten years, there has been a sea change in trade and related policies in emerging markets. This results from … eliminated and tariffs, now the principal trade instrument, have been rationalized and reduced. Considerable increases in …

century. Secondly, in one area of economic activity - trade in government procurement markets - the revised WTO Agreement on … Government Procurement (GPA) is emerging as a multi-dimensional tool of trade, governance and development. The thesis of this …

Economic theory has made considerable progress in explaining why sovereign countries cooperate in trade. Central to … most theories of trade cooperation are issues of self-enforcement: The threat of reprisal by an aggrieved party maintains … explaining why countries choose to settle and enforce their trade disputes with the help of an impartial third party, a “trade …

This paper explores the role that quality of infrastructure has on a country's trade performance, estimating a gravity … clearance) on total bilateral trade and on trade in the automotive, clothing and textile sectors. In order to obtain unbiased … of bilateral flows, have a significant negative impact on trade; (ii) quality of infrastructure is an important …

Natural resources account for 20% of world trade, and dominate the exports of many countries. Policy is used to … manipulate both international and domestic prices of resources, yet this policy is largely outside the disciplines of the WTO … (equivalent to trade taxes if no domestic production is possible). We review the literature, and argue that the policy equilibrium …

The WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) is a plurilateral Agreement, meaning that it comprises only a subset … of the full Membership of the WTO. Currently, a number of WTO Members that are not Parties to the Agreement either are … actively seeking accession to it, have commitments to accede to the GPA in their respective WTO accession protocols or are, on …

recent WTO Members and the negotiating results in two sectors (financial services and, in particular, basic …