’s Republic of China and countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Looking across the whole value chain also shows subsidies …

Industrial subsidies take on a growing importance in trade discussions. Yet assessing the scope and scale of government … alternative for measuring industrial subsidies. Using this approach, recent OECD work has identified and quantified government …

global markets of the subsidies that some of these companies receive. New firm-level evidence from the OECD MAGIC database … shows that state enterprises are relatively larger recipients of industrial subsidies than their private competitors. They …. The report provides unprecedented evidence about the role certain state enterprises play as providers of subsidies, such …

(including fertilisers), and cement. Most of the energy subsidies identified appear to concern the provision of natural gas and ….02-0.03 per kWh, respectively, over the period 2010-20. In some cases, estimates indicate that subsidies are a multiple of firms … implications for efforts to better discipline industrial subsidies in the WTO and elsewhere, notably in relation to how to ensure …