In a famous paper, Kenneth Sokoloff argued that the labor input of entrepreneurs was generally not included in the … thumb" imputation for the entrepreneurial labor input. Using establishment level manufacturing data from the 1850 …-80 censuses and textual evidence I argue that, contrary to Sokoloff's claim, the census did generally include the labor of …

shop to the mechanized factory led to "labor deskilling." Craft workers were displaced by mix of semi-skilled operatives …, unskilled workers, and a reduced force of mechanics to maintain the powered machines. Investigating the Department of Labor …'s 1899 Hand and Machine Labor Study using causal inference statistical techniques, we show the adoption of inanimate power …

labor markets before the Civil War. Much of the paper addresses the evolution of regional differences in real wages, of … interest to economic historians because they speak to the formation of a national labor market.' In the North, real wages … relative to real wages in settled regions -- the Northeast -- as labor migrated to the frontier. In the South, regional wage …

labor markets before the Civil War. Much of the paper addresses the evolution of regional differences in real wages, of … interest to economic historians because they speak to the formation of a national labor market.' In the North, real wages … relative to real wages in settled regions -- the Northeast -- as labor migrated to the frontier. In the South, regional wage …

more importantly, disaggregation has revealed aspects of labor market behavior hidden in the time series that are essential …

antebellum fluctuations were more apparent than real; nominal wages, not labor quantities, did most of the adjusting. We analyze … agricultural labor than for other occupations, less for growing regions than for more mature ones, less for unskilled than for … skilled labor, and probably less before 1860 than after. Although nominal wages and prices never strayed far from each other …