integration has been a major vector of contagion, and even more so when cross-border bank lending was primarily short …

international bank lending, and in particular through short-term bank debt.<P>Flux de capitaux internationaux et fragilité …

transferred to a government controlled “bad bank”, NAMA, and the associated heavy losses fully recognised by the banks. NAMA needs … mid 2011 following stringent bank “stress tests”, which proved to be a crucial turning point in the crisis by helping to … confidence in the financial system is regained, the authorities should further restrict the government guarantee of bank …

medium-sized enterprises (SME) sector has been severely affected by the crisis, with access to bank finance being … alternatives to bank lending options for SME finance is important but will take time. Restructuring banks’ balance sheets is … essential to step up bank lending to SMEs in the medium term. Beyond financing issues, boosting innovation would support …

Bank regulation might have contributed to or even reinforced adverse systemic shocks that materialised during the … of bank equity, regulation that is not based on risk-weighted assets would affect annual GDP growth by -0.02 percentage …