procedures, internationalisation needs to be fostered, and competition strengthened. In addition, the negative impact of the …

competitiveness. In particular, often building on recent policy initiatives or commitments, this paper recommends reforms to further … enhance product-market competition, improve innovation efforts and ameliorate the quality of education, which are key to …

goods exports into competitiveness and structural effects (i.e. the impact of specialisation, either in product or … in other European advanced economies, thanks to better competitiveness. By contrast, the structure of geographic markets …

euro area competitiveness, cyclical positions, fiscal positions and the oil price. The framework is then used to cyclically …-adjust observed current account balances and illustrate the scale of the additional adjustments to competitiveness and/or fiscal … net external debt levels. In Spain and Portugal, cost competitiveness relative to the rest of the euro area would need to …

The recent crisis has revealed large differences in external competitiveness between euro area member countries. Since … added tax, as an alternative means to restore competitiveness. This paper discusses the potential benefits and drawbacks of …

competitiveness problems and a dearth of domestic saving. They need to be addressed using both macroeconomic and structural policy … balanced growth through strengthened competitiveness and greater private saving calls inter alia for increased labour force …

-to-head competition with Germany; iii) low non-price competitiveness of French export goods; iv) offshoring of entire production processes …