non-discrimination protection for transgender people. We also show that respondents severely underestimate the population … workplace-related views toward transgender people and help us better understand employment discrimination against them …

measure discrimination by comparing how responsive individuals ("audited units") are to correspondences from different types …. We argue that when researchers use audit correspondence studies to measure discrimination against individuals that … attenuated (downwardly biased) estimates of discrimination …

Economics tends to define and measure discrimination as disparities stemming from the direct (causal) effects of … systemic (i.e. indirect) channels. For example, racial disparities in criminal records due to discrimination in policing can … for modeling and measuring both direct and systemic forms of discrimination. We define systemic discrimination as emerging …