This study examines how deregulation affects product market competition and thereby productivity. Productivity grows … when firms ameliorate their performance, which they will be unwilling to do in the absence of competition. It obliges firms … to renounce high rents and cut costs, which increases static efficiency. However, static efficiency boosts productivity …

the foodstuffs industry and the wholesale and retail trade is rather good, 4) measured in terms of price-cost margins …, competition works in Finland just as well in agriculture, the foodstuffs industry and the wholesale and retail trade as it does in … the food chain of the comparison countries, 5) the large share of the wholesale and retail trade in the Finnish food chain …

Even though inter-firm networking is often argued to be among the factors enhancing business performance, empirical … a panacea; it does not boost performance automatically or independently. Its possible benefits depend on how it is …