During the pandemic, African banks rebalanced their portfolio towards sovereign assets, and crowding out of credit to private sector intensified. Policy support, however, averted a credit crunch. The increase in public debt across Africa due to the COVID-19 crisis intensified crowding out of...

This overview discusses some key findings of the papers presented at the conference and draws some policy conclusions from them in the context of the broader literature. The papers and the wider academic discussion are sorted into three areas. First, how do the economics of infrastructure...

This study was prepared for the European Investment Bank (EIB). The objective of the study is to assess the financing needs of SMEs in Russia and identify the market failures. In addition to senior debt, which is the main instrument currently available to the EIB in Russia, the study also...

This study was commissioned by the EIB with funding from the Eastern Partnership Technical Assistance Trust Fund, EPTATF. The study assesses the financing needs of the SMEs in the Eastern Partnership countries and the market failures that are constraining the development of the SME sector. In...

This study was commissioned by the EIB with funding from the Eastern Partnership Technical Assistance Trust Fund, EPTATF. The study assesses the financing needs of the SMEs in the Eastern Partnership countries and the market failures that are constraining the development of the SME sector. In...

This study was commissioned by the EIB with funding from the Eastern Partnership Technical Assistance Trust Fund, EPTATF. The study assesses the financing needs of the SMEs in the Eastern Partnership countries and the market failures that are constraining the development of the SME sector. In...