The framework for reform, recovery, and reconstruction (the 3RF) is part of a comprehensive response to the massive explosion on the Port of Beirut on August 4, 2020. It is a people-centered recovery and reconstruction framework focusing on a period of 18 months that will bridge the immediate...

During the transformation of planned economies to market economies subsidies can play a dual role: they can be used either to make enterprises viable in a market environment or to perpetuate structural adjustment problems. In consequence they may either foster or distort Community an din a wider...