This study analyses the stringency of EU environmental regulations. Contrary to the proposition of an economic -trading … political mechanisms and the effects of regulation. Empirical results of the study of European and national decisions in EU … and EU member states is the central mechanism which provokes strict and lax rules. In vehicle emission legislation …

of a regulated market for pollution rights (the EU emissions trading scheme) and a voluntary market for the provision of … design considerations take precedence. Both markets also face challenges: volatile prices in the EU emissions scheme and low …