The economies of central and eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have traditionally been very energy intensive. Energy intensity (defined as energy use per GDP) has decreased in the course of transition, but progress has been uneven and most transition countries still use several times as...

Under the Kyoto Protocol, transition countries are expected to become important players in the emerging market for greenhouse gas emission reductions, as they can reduce emissions at a relatively low cost. However, the attractiveness of the region as a supplier of emission reductions will not...

Low-income households spend a substantial share of their income on utility services such as electricity, heating and water. The difficulty these socially vulnerable consumers have in affording further tariff increases is often used as an argument against tariff reform. However, detailed...