authorities in many developing and transition countries. This paper identifies the factors explaining why some enterprises are … 2002 and 2005 show that higher rates of crime are particularly associated with the weak development of micro enterprises in … of crime on FDI inflows and job creation, especially in less advanced transition countries, providing empirical evidence …

The transition to market-based economic systems in the countries of central and eastern Europe and the former Soviet … employment. This paper uses a simple model of economic development and structural change with technology spillovers to benchmark … structural change in the transition economies and simulate the path of adjustment from central planning. We then analyse data …

-income consumers in transition countries. While the available data is incomplete, the paper finds that affordability is a problem for …

poverty to one-half its 1990 level by 2015. This paper assesses the role of MDBs in fostering development or transition …Their name suggests that the multilateral development banks (MDBs) should provide finance for investments in human and … physical capital that promote development. The interpretation of this broad mandate, however, has changed significantly over …

Most countries commonly classified as ‘in transition’ are still recognisably different in some respects from other … economy, two groups emerge: the countries that are candidates for EU membership seem to have partly completed the transition …, are still largely lagging behind in terms of the enforcement of property rights and the development of financial markets. …

To understand the transformation of banking in the post-communist transition, this paper examines the cost efficiency …

Commodity resources offer vast opportunities for development. In the long run, however, the performance of commodity … strategies aim at diversifying the economy, promoting financial development, building up stabilisation buffers that lower …

boom. History teaches us that commodity revenues offer unique opportunities for development but can also depress long … instruments, and through financial sector reforms; and (iv) major infrastructure and industrial development projects should seek …

. Energy intensity (defined as energy use per GDP) has decreased in the course of transition, but progress has been uneven and … most transition countries still use several times as much energy per unit of output as their Western peers. This paper …