This paper investigates gender gaps in long-term career expectations and outcomes of PhD candidates in economics. For … histories and publication records through 2022. We document four novel empirical facts: (1) there is a robust gender gap in …; (2) the gender gap in expectations is remarkably similar to the gap observed for academic outcomes; (3) expectations are …

distort incentives to mask across gender. Consistent with the framework, a survey reveals that students anticipate that female … sizable fraction of the gender gap in masking …

-19 pandemic. Across both institutions, we observe a significant and substantial gender concealment gap: women are less …