system. Import tariffs, the traditional instrument for protecting domestic industries, however, have not played the primary … wholesale descent into protectionism in this respect. However, in other policy areas, such as state aid and WTO contingency … disciplines on subsides. While this is not classical protectionism offered to strictly national industries, we may see a new …

In this paper we study the employment effects of changes in the levels and patterns of outsourcing in the Austrian … components. Outsourcing is modelled as changes in the shares of domestically produced intermediates. For this some further … indirect effects of changes in the levels and structures of outsourcing.Second, the framework takes account of all 60 sectors …

The causality from outsourcing, defined as the procurement of inputs from outside the boundaries of the firm, to … reallocation of resources towards higher value-added activities. The international outsourcing case adds another dimension in the … outsourcing is found to lead to productivity gains, but upon closer inspection it seems that firms? international orientation and …