. First, profit-maximizing ports internalize hinterland congestion in as far as it affects their customers. Second, investment … in port capacity reduces prices and congestion at both ports, but increases hinterland congestion in the region where the … port investment is made. Investment in a port’s hinterland is likely to lead to more port congestion and higher prices for …

Externalities such as pollution and road congestion are jointly produced by the use of intermediate inputs by firms and … very partial tax reforms. A pertinent example is the current EU proposal to introduce congestion taxes for freight …

The purpose of this paper is to study optimal congestion taxes in a time allocation framework. This makes it possible … congestion below marginal external cost, (ii) implies a favourable tax treatment for time-saving devices such as GPS, and (iii … pricing, the activity-specific congestion attracted by employment centres, by shopping centres or by large sports and cultural …

congestion costs. Higher commuting taxes plausibly reduce time values, but higher non-commuting transport prices will typically … raise the value of time. The intuition for this latter finding is that the reduction in congestion that follows from the tax … levels are reduced, but the increase in time values implies that marginal external congestion costs actually increase. …