The energy market liberalisation process in Europe is increasingly focused on electricity market integration and …-term objective of a single European energy market. The interface between the national electricity markets requires physical … related cross border issues. This signals that the liberalisation of national electricity markets is now closer to the long …

State-owned electricity companies typically set prices that are too low to finance new investment when needed, and … the main cause of under-pricing, although inflation in a period of excess capacity can amplify such under-pricing. It … recognised in the regulated pricing structure. …

This paper considers alternative interpretations of the Normal Cost Hypothesis of industrial pricing behaviour. It …

In the context of liberalisation of electricity markets world wide, the need for agreed protocols for electricity … technique, tracing, for determining how much each of a number of trades uses different parts of the electricity network. The …

Cheap, abundant and easy to transport and store, coal has been produced and consumed to meet people’s energy needs. The … economic growth has been powered by coal-fired electricity and promoted by the export of manufactured goods. A recent reform …