possibility that freer trade also alters the firm-size distribution via international firm migration (offshoring); firms must, by … assumption, produce in their 'birth nation.' We show that when firms are allowed to switch locations, new productivity effects …

We identify "first generation" statistics to measure offshoring as the share of imported intermediate inputs in costs … demand and relative wages due to offshoring. A limitation of these statistics is that they cannot be used to measure the … impact on real wages, and for that purpose, we need price-based measures of offshoring. More recently, "second generation …

We survey the recent empirical literature on the effects of offshoring on wages, employment and displacement. We start … with the measurement of offshoring, focusing on the use of imported inputs that could have been produced by the importing … firm. We overview key theories related to offshoring and its labor market effects and survey three waves of the literature …

faster task offshoring in sectors exposed to lower labour-market tightness. We discuss policy implications of these findings …

that credit unions choose: one is a partial form of outsourcing while the other is more complete. This allows us to …