We explore the relationship between proximity of buyers and sellers and the organizational form of outsourcing …. Outsourcing can be "contractual" in which suppliers undertake specific investments or involve "generic" market transactions …

not accounted for by differences in workers' characteristics, occupations, nor for differences in the employers' locations …

Does the offshoring of production degrade or enhance the innovative capabilities of manufacturing firms? We contribute … products to China. We find causal evidence that offshoring impacts both the level and nature of innovation. In the technologies … evidence of a second-order positive effect of offshoring on the levels of innovation--particularly product innovation--in other …

U.S. manufacturing employment. Our findings suggest that offshoring by multinationals was a key driver of the observed …

-intensive industries? We provide a decomposition of US manufacturing GHG emissions and find no evidence of offshoring either to or from the …

How many "American jobs" have U.S.-born workers lost due to immigration and offshoring? Or, alternatively, is it … possible that immigration and offshoring, by promoting cost-savings and enhanced efficiency in firms, have spurred the creation … model to jointly analyze the impact of a reduction in the costs of offshoring and of the costs of immigrating to the U …

correspond to an increase in outsourcing by multinationals from the United States and other Northern countries, is to shift …

We identify "first generation" statistics to measure offshoring as the share of imported intermediate inputs in costs … demand and relative wages due to offshoring. A limitation of these statistics is that they cannot be used to measure the … impact on real wages, and for that purpose, we need price-based measures of offshoring. More recently, "second generation …

We survey the recent empirical literature on the effects of offshoring on wages, employment and displacement. We start … with the measurement of offshoring, focusing on the use of imported inputs that could have been produced by the importing … firm. We overview key theories related to offshoring and its labor market effects and survey three waves of the literature …