The authors geocode a data set of patents and their citation counts, including citations from abroad. This allows them … earmarks of funds for academic R&D. ; With one important exception, results using citation-weighted patents are similar to … those using unweighted patents. For example, estimates of the returns to density (jobs per square mile) are only slightly …

A decade after the State Street decision, more than 1,000 business method patents are granted each year. Yet only one … in ten are obtained by a financial institution. Most business method patents are also software patents. ; Have these … patents increased innovation in financial services? To address this question the author constructs new indicators of R …

their matches and are therefore more productive. They find that, all else equal, patent intensity (patents per capita) is 20 …

This paper develops a simple duopoly model in which investments in R&D and patents are inputs in the production of firm … rents. Patents are necessary to appropriate the returns to the firm’s own R&D, but patents also create potential claims … correlation between the firm’s R&D intensity and the number of patents it obtains. When that condition is violated, changes in …

considers the role of knowledge spillovers on innovations at the MSA level. The authors use patents per capita in an MSA as our … another MSA. Since local employment density doubles more than four times in the sample, the implied gains in patents per …

pharmaceutical product patents or with international rules allowing low-income nations to free-ride on the discoveries of firms in …

U.S. legal changes have made it easier to obtain patents on inventions that use software. Software patents have grown … rapidly and now comprise 15 percent of all patents. They are acquired primarily by large manufacturing firms in industries … software patents during the 1990s. We find evidence that software patents substitute for R&D at the firm level; they are …