purposes of price measurement. For business-to-business transactions, these shifts can cause sourcing substitution bias in the … Producer Price Index (PPI) and the Import Price Index (MPI), as well as potentially in the proposed new true Input Price Index … sales or among retailers charging different per unit prices, this can cause a promotions bias problem in the Consumer Price …

strategic complementarities in the price-setting process. The authors clarify how the choice of monetary policy instrument …