-level federal ARRA spending and state employment outcomes from the time the Act was passed (February 2009) through the latest month … employment growth. The results point to substantial heterogeneity in the impact of ARRA spending over time, across sectors, and … across types of spending. The estimated jobs multiplier for total nonfarm employment is large and statistically significant …

. We find no evidence suggesting that the law reduced employment probabilities. …

distinguish the goods and the employment compensation components of government consumption in assessing the effects of fiscal … particular, the model with government employment does a good job at accounting for the dynamic response of private consumption to … a fiscal policy shock. Government employment compensation acts as a transfer payment for households, thereby mitigating …