interest rates by critically surveying theories about (a) optimal anticipated inflation, (b) optimal unanticipated inflation …

Singapore entered the COVID-19 pandemic with sizable policy space and robust economic policy frameworks, yet facing …

actual real interest rate; (3) the nominal (policy) interest rate is zero; (4) deflation, i.e., negative inflation rate. As a … (4) deflation. A closer examination of how Japan got into the Japanization state reveals that it is a combination of (a … easing policies when deflation first occurred; (e) the absence of an inflation target; and (f) the absence of timely, large …

policy requires that inflation be stabilized at the union level. On the other hand, the relinquishment of an independent …

on a number of grounds which we evaluate in this paper. We show that observed inflation persistence in U.S. time series … is consistent with the absence of structural inflation stickiness as is the case in the benchmark NNS economy. We …