debt swaps programs in the so-called "menu-of-options" approach to restructuring developing countries' bank debts. …

availability of bank credit. ; In many LDCs, the government fixes interest rates on bank deposits and loans. If rates on loanable … advance of the receipts from sales. Bank credit is needed to finance the hiring of labor when there are few alternative … funds are set below market clearing levels, this leads to credit rationing. Generally, firms must pay wages to workers in …

size of the bank providing the credit, with markets dominated by large banks generally charging lower prices. …Banking industry consolidation has raised concern about the supply of small business credit since large banks generally … invest lower proportions of their assets in small business loans. However, we find that the likelihood that a small business …

. Second, debt levels should react accordingly. Third, fewer high-risk households should be denied credit, further contributing … to the interest rate spread between the highest- and lowest-risk borrowers. For those obtaining loans, the premium paid … probability of bankruptcy, the corresponding interest rate increase tripled for first mortgages, doubled for automobile loans and …

We develop estimates of risk-based capital requirements for single-family mortgage loans held in portfolio by financial …. Based on simulations with varying input parameters, we find that appropriate capital charges for credit risk vary …

, bankruptcy filers generally have more limited access to unsecured credit but borrow more secured debt post bankruptcy, and they … pay higher interest rates on all types of debt. We also find that credit access and borrowing costs improve as more time … intended by the law. Our estimate also provides empirical guidance for calibrating the equilibrium models of household credit. …