innovation distinguishing between “dirty” (internal combustion engine) and “clean” (e.g. electric and hybrid) patents across 80 … tax-inclusive fuel prices. Furthermore, there is path dependence in the type of innovation both from aggregate spillovers … and from the firm's own innovation history. Using our model we simulate the increases in carbon taxes needed to allow …

dirty innovation and production; (ii) optimal policy involves both “carbon taxes” and research subsidies, so that excessive … the switch to clean innovation under laissez-faire when the two inputs are substitutes. Under reasonable parameter values …

We find that institutional ownership in publicly traded companies is associated with more innovation (measured by cite …, policy changes and disaggregating by type of owner we find that the effect of institutions on innovation does not appear to …