.e. town-based electric utilities which sometimes hold franchises for electricity distribution within city limits …

endogenously formed if not prevented by regulation. …

to introduce a sensible measure of affordability of public utilities and to see how many households fall below a critical … affordability of utility bills varies a lot from region to region. So far, utilities’ reforms do not seem to have produced negative …

We study the regulation of a firm which supplies a regulated service while also operating in a competitive, unregulated … (with price and quantity competition) and optimal regulation that involves an informational externality to the competitors …. Although joint conduct of the activities generates scope economies, it also entails private information, so that regulation is …

between federal efforts and state-level climate policy developments. In the presence of federal policies, to what extent will … efforts to achieve emissions reductions? This paper addresses these questions. We find that state-level policy in the presence … of a federal policy can be beneficial or problematic, depending on the nature of the overlap between the two systems, the …