also use the 1991 distribution of immigrants by nationality across European labor markets to construct a version of the … enclave-based instrument to proxy for the flow of immigrants, that is exogenous to local demand shocks. We find that native … Europeans are more likely to upgrade to more skilled and better paid occupations, when a larger number of immigrants enter their …

continuum of tasks in each sector and we augment it to include immigrants with heterogeneous productivity in tasks. We use this … pushed natives toward more communication-intensive tasks while it has pushed immigrants away from them. …

effect of the inflows of immigrants on their career, employment and wages. We use the 1991 distribution of immigrants by … associated with higher skills and status when a larger number of immigrants enter their labor market. As a consequence of this …

what some authors defend, it is not only the cultural factors that channel immigrants into certain segments of the labour … market. Several structural factors associated to these immigrants’ arrival should be considered: the immigration policy of …